-->
Chronology of the development of Biochemistry
Chronology of the development of Biochemistry
- 1665. Robert Hooke publishes " Micrographia ", in which he uses the term cell ( cellula = cell in Latin).
- 1668. Anton van Leeuwenhoek improves the optics of the microscope.
- 1820. Robert Brown describes the cell nucleus.
- 1828. Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea in the laboratory.
- 1837. Schleiden and Schwann formulate the cell theory.
- 1858. Rudolf Virchow postulates that every cell comes from a cell.
- 1859. Charles Darwin publishes " On the Origin of Species ", where he proposes natural selection as the mechanism for evolution and the emergence of new species.
- 1860-1880. Louis Pasteur refutes the theory of spontaneous generation of life and links microorganisms to fermentation and some diseases.
- 1866. Gregor Mendel discovers nucleic acids (which he called nuclein).
- 1897. Hans and Friedrich Buchner demonstrate fermentation with cell extracts. They call them enzymes (in fermentation, in Latin).
- 1900. Rediscovery of Mendel's laws by Correns, Von Tschermak and De Vries.
- 1910. Thomas H. Morgan and collaborators develop genetics using the fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ).
- 1922. Embden and Meyerhoff describe glycolysis.
- 1930. Invention of the electron microscope.
- 1937. Hans Krebs discovers the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).
- 1944. Avery, McLeod, and McCarty demonstrate that DNA is the agent of genetic transformation.
- 1951. Linus Pauling and collaborators describe the secondary structures of proteins (alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet).
- 1952. Hershey and Chase prove that DNA is the material that carries genetic information.
- 1953. James Watson and Francis Crick propose the double helix structure of DNA, based on photograph 51 obtained by X-ray diffraction of Rosalind Franklin. In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins receive the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.
- 1955. Sanger and Tuppy determine the primary sequence of a protein, insulin, for the first time.
- 1960. Max Perutz determines the structure of a protein using X-ray diffraction
- 1966. The genetic code is finally deciphered.
- 1973. First steps in genetic engineering.
- 1975. Asilomar Conference to regulate the use of genetic engineering.
- 1975. Sanger develops a procedure for sequencing DNA.
- 1980. The Supreme Court of the United States accepts the patent for genetic research.
- 1983. Development of the first transgenic plants.
- 1986. Kary Mullis develops PCR (an acronym for Polymerase Chain Reaction).
- 1990. Start of the Human Genome Project, which sought to sequence the human genome.
- 1994. The first transgenic crop (tomato) is marketed in California. The first transgenic bull is bred in the Netherlands.
- 1995. Sequencing of the first genomes of living organisms ( Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma genitallium ). 1996. Sequencing of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genome .
- 1997. Cloning of Dolly the sheep, the first mammal successfully cloned in Scotland by Ian Wilmut.
- 1999. Complete sequencing of the Drosophila melanogaster genome .
- 2000. First draft of the human genome and complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome .
- 2002. Complete sequencing of the human genome, carried out by Celera Genomics and organizations dependent on the United States government.
- 2007. First transplantation of a complete genome from one bacterium to another.
- 2010. First artificial chromosome to divide within the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides .