We know that finding a Biology Investigatory project is the hardest part of a science fair project for class 12, and sometimes it just takes a little help to focus on what kinds of topics would interest you. To help you find a class 12 biology investigatory project idea that is interesting to you, you can select any of the categories below under the heading of EXPERIMENTS, you will find dozens of interesting experiments.
High school science covers a variety of topics in Biology like Microbiology, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology project ideas, Ecology, meteorology, etc. Therefore, nothing is forbidden when it comes to choosing Biology project topics for class 12. These ideas would be suitable for most of the high school curriculum. When reviewing the list, remember that you can make any of these ideas more complex by changing variables and comparing results.
🎯 What Is an Investigatory Project?
An investigatory biology project involves:
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Identifying a biological problem or question
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Formulating a hypothesis
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Conducting experiments or observations
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Analyzing results
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Drawing conclusions based on data
Top 70+ Investigatory Project in Biology for Class 12 Students [2025 List]
The Class 12 biology investigatory project is a significant component of your CBSE or state board curriculum. It helps students explore a biological concept through research, observation, experimentation, and analysis. Unlike regular projects, investigatory projects are research-based, requiring critical thinking and scientific methods to solve a problem or prove a hypothesis.
If you're confused about which topic to choose, this guide brings you 30 high-scoring and practical investigatory project ideas in biology tailored for Class 12 students. Whether your interest lies in microbiology, biotechnology, human physiology, or the environment — you’ll find a topic here that fits your passion and resources.
Explore the best investigatory project ideas in biology for Class 12 CBSE and state boards. Find practical, innovative, and easy-to-execute topics for your final biology submission in 2025. Here’s a list of Biology Investigatory Project topics with brief explanations:
✅ Top 30 Investigatory Project Topics in Biology for Class 12
🔬 Human Health & Physiology
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Investigating the Effect of Caffeine on Heart Rate
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Effect of Different Types of Exercise on Pulse Rate
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Study on Iron Deficiency Among Teenage Girls
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Study of Blood Pressure Variation in Students with Age and BMI
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Survey on Sleep Patterns and Its Impact on Concentration
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Role of Meditation and Yoga in Stress Management
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Investigatory Study on the Effect of Mobile Radiation on Human Health
🌱 Plant Physiology & Botany
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Effect of Different Light Sources on Plant Growth
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How Soil pH Affects Nutrient Uptake in Plants
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Investigating the Role of Fertilizers on Crop Yield
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Allelopathic Effects of One Plant on the Growth of Another
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Impact of Sound/Music Frequencies on Germination Rate
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Study of Leaf Pigments Using Chromatography
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Investigation of Phototropism in House Plants
🦠 Microbiology & Biotechnology
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Study of Antibacterial Properties of Herbal Extracts (Neem, Tulsi, Garlic)
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Isolation and Study of Microbes from Contaminated Water
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Fermentation of Fruit Juices Using Yeast
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Investigatory Study on Curd Formation Using Different Temperatures
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Analysis of Spoilage Rate in Fruits at Room Temperature vs Refrigeration
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Testing Antimicrobial Properties of Hand Sanitizers and Herbal Soaps
🌍 Environment & Ecology
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Study on Water Purification Methods Using Natural Filters
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Investigatory Report on Waste Segregation and Composting at Home
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Analysis of Air Quality Using Bioindicators like Lichens
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Plastic Waste Biodegradation Using Fungi or Bacteria
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Study on the Impact of Pesticides on Soil Microorganisms
🧪 Innovative & Interdisciplinary Projects
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DNA Extraction from Fruits (Banana or Strawberry)
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Study of Fingerprint Inheritance Patterns in Families
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Effect of Soft Drinks on Tooth Enamel (using egg shells as model)
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Investigatory Study on the Water-Holding Capacity of Different Soils
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Making Bioplastic Using Natural Materials (e.g., Corn Starch or Banana Peel)
Biodiesel is one with biodegradable bustível derived from renewable sources with vegetable oils and animal fats. This biofuel can be produced in Brazil from different oilseed species, such as castor, oil palm, canola, sunflower, peanuts, soybeans, and cotton, in addition to raw materials of animal origin with bovine tallow and fat swine.
Ethanol has gained great momentum and has become an important source of energy for the country. Today, ethanol generated from sugarcane has the lowest production cost and the highest yield in liters per hectare of the product. All of its by-products are used: from the manufacture of ethanol we have vinasse and filter cake, used as fertilizers, and with the burning of sugarcane bagasse there is the cogeneration of energy. Research is being developed for the commercial use of second-generation ethanol, the ethanol of the future, which can expand production capacity by up to 40% without increasing the planted areas of sugarcane, bringing more productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in the production cycle.
43. The effect of climate change on flowering plants
Have you heard of climate change? This natural process, much talked about by adults, is connected with a large amount of CO 2 in the air, the greenhouse effect that is also a natural phenomenon, responsible for leaving the Earth warm. These changes are happening faster now than in the time of our grandpas and are worrying researchers from all over the world since they end up harming animals, air, climate, etc. But have you ever stopped to think about how they affect plants?
44. Oil Spill EVS Project:
We have all heard in news about oil spills and their harmful effects on our Earth and its marine life. But we, who do not get to see these effects closely, do not understand exactly the degree of impact that oil spills. In these projects, we are going to briefly discuss and perform the oil spill evs project.
45. Production of biosurfactant by using Micro-organisms
Biosurfactants are a diverse group of surface-active molecules, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. Due to their amphiphilic nature, they are capable of modifying the water-oil, water-air, or soil-water interface and therefore reduce surface and interfacial tension. Compared with chemical surfactants, they have the advantage of being biodegradable, less toxic, and effective at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity; in addition to being able to be synthesized from residual or cheap sources. In the oil industry, they can be used as oil flow improvers, in the improved recovery of hydrocarbons via microbial pathways, improvement of the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and cleaning of tanks and pipes. Their production is affected by the growth factors to which microorganisms are exposed, such as the presence of specific substrates, cations, and extreme conditions.
You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic. The more original or new the project is, the better it would be. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology.
You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas. By doing these investigatory projects you will gain experience in research besides providing opportunities for learning skills such as photography, electronics, etc.
It is not uncommon for school students to find suitable topics for a research project. The range of options is wide because there are as many scientific fields as there are different research fields. From the following topics student will be able to choose something for themselves:
46. Investigating the pH of a water sample:
Monitoring the physicochemical properties of water is of vital importance. The normal maximum permissible limit of pH for our life and health is 6.5–8.5. Abnormal levels of pH and their consequences are given below: pH 3 to 5 is too acidic for most organisms to survive, when the pH of water falls below 4.5 most of the fishes die, leaving only a small number of acid tolerant insects such as water boatman and whirligig. These insects (beetles) can survive and multiply even at pH 3.5. Similarly, pH>8.5 is too basic for most organisms to survive.
47. Impact of local industry on the environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry:
The guidelines and a brief outline of a few projects have been given with the purpose to design and perform such an investigation. Students and teachers can think and design investigatory projects based on almost all concepts about which experimental protocols have been given in the manual.
48. Investigating the biochemical (also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator:
Dissolved oxygen (DO) test measures the current status of oxygen in a water body. This is a useful starting point. However, DO content can vary considerably from day to day as affected by many factors like temperature, wind velocity, eutrophication, pollution, etc. The unpolluted water is characteristically rich in DO and low in BOD. The higher the BOD, the lower would be DO. Conversely, polluted water has high values of BOD. Water for drinking should have a BOD of less than 1. Typical BOD values for raw sewage run from 200–400 mg of oxygen/liter. The maximum.
49. Study of the genetic markers in the human population:
In this investigation, a few selected inherited traits can be investigated in the family members of a small population in the locality. The compilation and analysis of data will provide an about prevalence of trait in the said population.
50. Study of the effect of chemicals and pollutants on the Mitotic Index of the mitotically dividing onion root tip cells:
This is the easiest Biology Investigatory project include including the Growing of onion root tip cells in the solution of pollutant /chemical and also in normal water as control. Preparation and observation of slide for the study of mitotic index both in experimental and control set-ups. Analysis of the effect of pollutant/chemical by comparing the data of mitotic index between experimental and control variables.
51. Agrochemicals and their effects:
Another important Biology project topic for class 12 The project was carried out in a survey mode with a questionnaire prepared with the help of the teacher to cover the following aspects. List of pesticides used, the amount used/hectare or acre, periodicity of spray, name of the crop plant grown, recommended dose and the dose employed, known effects on pest, whether the chemical pesticide is biodegradable or not, alternate eco-friendly biocides . List of fertilizers used, cost incurred/acre/year, recommended dosage/time of use and the dosage used, known effects on fertility of the soil, any decrease in crop productivity, and use of eco-friendly biofertilizers (VAM fungi, leaf mold, green manure, dung, etc.).
52. Ecological role of some animals observed in a local area:
This topic is included in the Record of the various plant species growing in the area under study - trees, shrubs, annual/perennial herbs, etc. Note the season when a flower/seed is formed. Note the various types of insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, etc., and record their role as a/an
(i) Herbivore
(ii) Pollinator
(iii) In-seed dispersal agent
(iv) Prey
- How fertilization occurs in frog
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Structure of DNA and RNA
- Hormones
- 100 Biotechnology project topics
- Central Dogma of Life
- Internal and external fertilization
- Factors affecting photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis
- Enzyme
- Factors affecting Enzyme actions
- Plant hormone
- Effect of plants hormone
- Biofuel production from waste products
- Alcohol production from sugarcane
- Ethanol Production from Apple
- Production of biosurfactant
- Biosafety
- Fermentation process
- Bioethics
- Protein synthesis in vivo manner.
- Advantages and disadvantages of biology.
- Formation of recombinant vaccines against covid19
- Production of biofertilizer
- Production of single-cell proteins.
- How to reduce atmospheric Co2 organically.
- Study the process of Osmosis and Turgor pressure
📂 Ideal Format of Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project Report
Your investigatory project must follow a proper structure for best scoring:
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Cover Page (Name, roll number, topic, school name, etc.)
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Acknowledgement
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Certificate by School/Teacher
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Index/Table of Contents
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Introduction to the Topic
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Objective & Hypothesis
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Materials Required
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Methodology/Procedure
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Observations & Results
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Conclusion
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Precautions
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Bibliography/References
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Photos/Graphs/Charts (if applicable)
📘 Tips to Make a Winning Biology Investigatory Project
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Choose a topic that aligns with your interest and is doable with available resources
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Maintain proper observation records and real photos for authenticity
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Focus on original analysis and critical thinking, not just collecting data
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Keep the project neat, organized, and visually appealing
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Prepare to explain your project clearly during viva or internal assessments
🔚 Conclusion
A well-executed investigatory project in biology can boost your Class 12 performance and also ignite curiosity for research. Choose a problem that is relatable, use scientific principles to investigate it, and present it neatly with accurate observations. Whether you're aiming for a career in medicine, biotechnology, or environmental science, this project can be a stepping stone. Hope this biology investigatory project for class 12 is helpful to you...
1. How to choose a Biology Investigatory project for Class 12
Answer: For Choosing an Investigatory Project You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic in this page we also provide several project topics you can select any one topic. As we know A more original project topic is best. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology. While Searching for your project topic You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done on your selected topic. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas.
2. How to Design my Class 12 Biology Projects?
Answer: Having established the objectives of your chosen project, you must have an experimental design. This will allow you to collect the data you need in a scientific way to test the hypothesis. For example, if your project involves investigating the hypothesis that stale milk contains more bacteria than fresh milk, devise the procedure you would adopt to carry out your investigation.
3. How to Plan my Project Investigations
Answer: Having decided on your topic for scientific investigation, you should give careful thought to the plan of your investigation in some detail. These may include. What hypothesis can you make, How can you ensure that the experimental tests and measurements you carry out are accurate and reliable? What controls do you need? How many variables are you investigating? Correctly identify key variables as independent and dependent. Are your variables discrete or continuous? Identify appropriate control variables for fair tests. How many repeat observations or samples will you require?
4. How to complete my Biology Project within a short period?
Answer: Executing the Project, Following the planning, a brief description of the expected procedures has to be approved in advance by the teacher. Having decided what controls you need to use, list the components of your experiment and decide what quantities of substances to use, and how to set the experiment. You should also decide what type of readings or measurements you are going to make, how often and how many. Note the source of error, if any, that you come across. Handle instruments and equipment appropriately to give accuracy. Repeat measurement. Keep proper controls and the variables constant.
