O Antigen: Also known as the somatic antigen, the O antigen is a component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
H Antigen: The H antigen, also known as the flagellar antigen or the phase antigen, is a protein component of the bacterial flagellum. It is responsible for the motility of bacteria through the surrounding environment.
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Difference between O and H Antigen:
| Characteristic | H Antigen | O Antigen |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Heat labile, sensitive to alcohol | Heat stable, remains unaffected by alcohol |
| Antigen Extraction | Formaldehyde treatment | Trichloroacetic acid treatment |
| Composition | Protein complex | Phospholipid-protein-polysaccharide complex |
| Agglutination Reaction | Produces large, fluffy, loose clumps | Produces compact, chalky, granular clumps |
| Immunogenicity | Highly immunogenic, induces antibody formation | Less immunogenic, produces antibody formation with low titres |
| Stability | Susceptible to denaturation under harsh conditions | Relatively stable under harsh conditions |
| Cross-Reactivity | May cross-react with related antigens | Less likely to cross-react with related antigens |
| Antigenicity | May exhibit variability in antigenicity | Relatively consistent antigenicity |
| Clinical Significance | Can result in false negative reactions | Less prone to causing false negative reactions |
| Specificity | Found in a wide range of bacterial species |
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